吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB6lHcM8vlL
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA0F09wb8Wi
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgP5GGTslUw
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdSCxKxHA0H
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO4bCrRxjvd
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIN1EQKxJi5
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9R3LN3yj6o
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZQ4xGeBSze
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA9DFZ9epal
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ47VmtgEQyT
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0Kbuo4v5pX
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhRCkiLy3Mq
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsr4bCMi6sH
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ39mY8X87LK
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhmkqEWM15n
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEb0GeyE4uP
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH6b7tGjEQN
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ1nx9v9SgB
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1BEMzvjbZF
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWW6Cb1r8C6
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWK946eCaPi
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡClUGf8RZvM
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8CQLC8Ba1V
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmHQFbvzsTn
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7ZIKecsZMs
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡurWIW3PmWw
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡywWBzE6YYy
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5CLXHLb6BI
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcGKFSqXGXG
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Klv9uQg5C
綠點:CdSO4889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpg4V2vf1st
藍點:CdCO3889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEL0tbpJQwV
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIb2jFpqJpw
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb3JmKnI0ju
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA7JxHWeTYy
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ93dStf7htI
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ09NMNAmcMP
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCrLImmo6j9
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG6rmjK1QH8
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlLbGzAE4SF
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1RvJrPgUwP
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7j6OSJjxTl
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLDbgBWdNlr
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsTPQ8QExZ8
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxHPWPsD67r
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡab0vagaSOE
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAXRcmL9tiX
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ8gxqdd376
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGHm7necJrM
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgLO8nsiSxs
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcyNR3ZaaXN
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzP0rz3mTcx
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsg39UBqhj3
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ4cCp3famF
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdRg9i0D97u
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmd0d6SHn1o
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMAGpiz5vcn
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4UobP2ub3S
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡREWL8hToBl
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7NrIjYrlEr
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPrjf8FjdMW
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBMtSsdp6gM
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2A3Kj0MPsQ
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Link:889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2UCYpyPDG8
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUc0EOc5JOY
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0fMg6piNG5
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ6Jb6NVktU
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZcX2dM2mag
889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlAUCyF8OB0
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514889Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMecgIY9uqR
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