吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNwfgTQOwvR
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡom8WJWCdrp
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbfBiLt5Jat
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNBJ6d1KZRD
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDUilUjOnBM
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrbSMI2ha5g
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡilqKHL1BzC
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTRpS2WmZT4
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxcYF76y0Ac
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrkt1HdIf57
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3D3V71ljNE
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTOLiOqCM8b
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSSiC1efB9s
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQoLp6C2L8U
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI6jN57LUiS
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv4Hfizl34e
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUgo8lazgRg
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7g68EsjR51
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTa52yoV91S
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvHpDrWMPmy
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRnmDU98N39
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6yaYAoCLp4
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRVfe4giNWz
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzWubl8gfbL
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1c05XjSwrR
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrOgNi2Gqzs
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTnPk40OAst
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBQgpGQ4yaw
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6cb8nb6qwM
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjcaun4JxDx
綠點:CdSO4958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAqO0ayWEyL
藍點:CdCO3958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM6D7nvYtus
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMsn7FUJVAq
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxbIEZHIf64
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlzOTsGL4bz
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaKEU3eESvH
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi0xDD1K8hv
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFOQD1nNKjp
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjDl4gSDP1C
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK77VWhadws
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDrPXauzBxh
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPTkFt3K7sL
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ11ifPL6XwO
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMur6A9RygQ
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDupc666wZB
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGS4Ma1duVX
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkAlBTgssa1
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyD3z4eioNY
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkATNTYEyBh
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvTIGuqV48b
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpkzqkNyHAi
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ04FlpJfBtR
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbe11C2YXOj
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcpP93hbqGC
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqO7sEJnOjf
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsmLmnjWwZB
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwJVu7N5l74
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpiFXFmwx1t
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt1LFK4RHel
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3y7A1VPtsi
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi0prCMZLs1
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv0LrSADIP8
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtqevK2PGfC
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgSvAuXKQ1J
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf68UNLjQof
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQqxb7RxgoH
Link:958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6JHebrd5Ev
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5EiFEm3XLI
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHJ6M0mK5XM
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBNSaOyP77X
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOje8ktZYSU
958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ICbEMQoqO
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514958Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFXq8Cubqz3
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