普遍來說，雞肉和豬肉我們通常都會煮熟才吃，但牛肉就偏偏可以選擇幾成熟來品嘗，究竟點解呢？761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTm7lV7kwFM
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事實上，生吃食物始終會有一定風險，有機會導致食物中毒，純粹因為牛肉的風險相對比雞肉和豬肉較低，所以才有「生食」牛肉的選擇。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcTNMHE5c3u
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近在2020年6月，美國號令回收4萬三千磅牛肉，原因就是化驗證實那批牛肉含有令人腹瀉的大腸幹菌，老是在美國牛肉常出現的O157:H7品種。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUWtHVqRi3q
（這不是食神劇情，而是確實新聞，Ref1)761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9tkb7EwoYz
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而自從90年代發現這品種後，美國規定牛肉出售前必須測量是否含有某幾種令人肚瀉的大腸幹菌。這一次為何能夠流出市面，那就不得而知了。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXiUvjacKVM
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在繼續講解之前，我們先以超簡略的方式認識一下細菌的外部構造。（圖2）761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡREs7Bm7VO8
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Capsule761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxT54b1xz2H
防止細菌脫水761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPyi3n0G4XJ
保護自己免被人類的吞噬細胞吞噬761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAkcO9CZwHg
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Pili761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG8zHp6L14r
用來抓實接觸面，例如腸道壁膜，同時亦都可以用來幫助移動761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡphbqTRjaEE
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Flagellum761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj3haHyI07Q
會以螺旋槳的方式轉動，讓細菌可以隨意走動761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq4UNQ8KwIT
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如有興趣想知道細菌和病毒的分別，可閱讀我之前所寫的文章761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaJB5Dwu6uN
https://www.penana.com/article/465358761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBi5diSNVQI
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（圖3）令人腹瀉的大腸幹菌有好多種，而經常因為食用未煮熟的牛肉而出現在新聞的是Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYq8trCsztq
顧名意義，它們能夠釋放Shiga toxin這有毒物質，而E coli則是大腸幹菌的簡稱。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSchTSmxGUQ
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O157:H7品種，就是STEC的一種，潛伏期為2-3日。它們被曾證實可以逗留在外間土壤21個月有多，只有70度以上高溫才能確保徹底消滅它們。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡubGsFQYovk
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它們最為麻煩的地方，就是能夠抵禦胃酸，有能力從胃部游走到腸道。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcHG01wHPl6
到達腸道位置後，它們所釋放的Shiga toxin能夠對腸壁的細胞造成傷害，引致腹瀉及脫水。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzBTs5JuSqq
嚴重情況下更會引致溶血性尿毒綜合症(HUS)，對腎臟造成長久傷害。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy9bUpuPTxp
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而最「令人意想不到」的是，此病絕對不可以用抗生素來醫治。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3LDGXpe8Nn
因為用抗生素來傷害它們的話，只會導致更多Shiga toxin從它們身上釋出體外，適得其反。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYEiTeAxEc5
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通常情況下，醫生會抽取病人的糞便樣本，斷症腹瀉是否由STEC而起。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡociJFkxFJz
如果屬實，可以做的方法就是盡量讓病人補充水份，避免脫水情況過於嚴重，並等待身體自我康復。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4lMV6n2OYj
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照這個情況來看，或者，侵侵吃Well Done牛排是有他的道理......761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDPlfgMSJn5
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當然，如果牛肉來貨沒有問題，而處理上一切衛生措施做足的話，應該不會引起太大問題的。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1UQ2Dpn3uY
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至少我都暫時未試過因為食生牛扒而肚瀉。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3EuLvnyuff
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（在摸著木塊下的情況寫下這句。）761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgNzoHDv8X9
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVEgn988oyb
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfP8HWBUGI4
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe5AuBylFBw
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Link:761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkAP8IKRGfY
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2URWO5tRUO
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有興趣接收科普資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。761Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJCNWXUIatc
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