吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB5SxN6lVNE
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRjpPhk36pB
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡburefdAG99
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcHMhP7WdeJ
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR6KTUcW1cr
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOBbsd2gkHK
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEH3j9LNg5L
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfpNFy9HrrS
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO7tlC8cT6J
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡujEovDIlt7
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUjlWpDXBgx
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbeMMNi2VZu
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6LTmEaZUqd
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIS1VmF5G58
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfkY3P4kVyW
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJELC9Be4OM
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5I1yAg2d1R
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdWXP0CBWqs
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYXUMLRAxYE
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQULhIPQJZJ
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW4q7uxEhkr
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX4H1PXnhDk
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeNGd4ipHH6
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6gNi0ne9Iq
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYhs0xClr6l
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGdsB28VF3z
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGRwm61kDSj
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmzlTz5clxr
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUEYk9IJsf8
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5g9FhOkYai
綠點:CdSO4906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG2MKVI8hCF
藍點:CdCO3906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHI7drqfqzP
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjUxd7L3aRd
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvVP3ZdcR1w
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMBAK6JexAU
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWCfgIUkiUY
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡerqDyuhDZP
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbe5f12WrQc
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡICpFrRdhp4
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8dHhQryNOT
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmqczNrtiJn
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHleWH7F5vl
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQjVm4yUaUi
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBZt5uhUEVw
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4iOoFFVcH1
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRroOPeD50Z
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ZnzuBW6Sp
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNgSOwVfA6t
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpOwhBun2YY
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbD4PA66zF4
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL06z33tolF
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXcX6xsjamL
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdk2dpX0qOt
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP1yYTQyR9P
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtxlFQ4pE44
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZWpJEvTyyG
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡicIBel2ngi
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkt7dIICcKH
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx2kp9G95ZD
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ3X6npFEwf
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbXM4J9Oxp1
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡanTNIniZ2x
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9gM2EVjPRe
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk6VCKS5fvv
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9KmKWPlYEd
Link:906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1mJKERQnZX
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFFPKCXfkSN
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡamn6kDTp6Z
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPialqn6wdf
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5bHRcg8QGF
906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ49CqkMfqFr
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514906Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ52QYK9NNsc
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