上集提及自90年代起,科學家便開始著手研究利用mRNA的方式試圖在老鼠身上製造對應的蛋白質。站在免疫細胞的角度來看,外來的mRNA終歸是外來之物,並非身體自然產生形成,故此必須鏟除。614Please respect copyright.PENANAqaFc2BVKz0614Please respect copyright.PENANAdfNQUkxF9w
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而在消滅外物的過程中,一系列的免疫反應亦將會啟動。正因如此,若然想將此mRNA技術套用在人類身上的話,科學家必須想辦法使外來的mRNA免受免疫細胞消滅,同時亦需壓抑免疫反應的產生。614Please respect copyright.PENANASAf7Ve59nu
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這樣才能使mRNA能順利進入預想的目的地(身體細胞) ,以及減低對身體細胞不必要的負荷產生。614Please respect copyright.PENANANqStpbSLJP
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(圖2)在科學家尋找辦法其間,他們受到一道非常重要的研究啟發。614Please respect copyright.PENANAp52aNwFtvv614Please respect copyright.PENANA8KK4Ffp4l7
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對比哺乳動物的DNA,細菌的DNA在人體裡會產生更強烈的免疫反應。614Please respect copyright.PENANAKSKIMmHNhW
尋尋覓覓,科學家們發現,形成此現象的其中一因由是出於哺乳動物的DNA基因排組中,在C及G密集區域裡頻繁出現名為methylation的改造;614Please respect copyright.PENANAaPp68oQ7gZ
細菌的DNA並沒有頻繁出現這種改造,因此更容易觸發人體的免疫系統反應。614Please respect copyright.PENANAVZDc1x93z3
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(圖3)其後,科學家們發現RNA跟DNA一樣,有著不同形形式式的改造,而個別的改造亦有著躲避免疫系統追捕的功能。614Please respect copyright.PENANAekHL5uPPmS614Please respect copyright.PENANAmF2dLnCEOP
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更甚的是,不同款式病毒的RNA,其改造結構的出現比普通細胞出現得更為頻繁且為獨特,這亦使科學家們更為堅信,改造mRNA的結構將可成為壓抑產生免疫反應的其中一手段。614Please respect copyright.PENANACvtN4GOYfN
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(圖4)積累多年來的研究成果,現時武肺輝瑞mRNA疫苗的mRNA正有著名為N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ)的結構改造,這不但能大大減低我們體內對mRNA所產生的免疫系統反應,同時亦有助mRNA在我們細胞內產生武肺S蛋白質,繼而讓免疫系統辨認及製作對應的抗體。614Please respect copyright.PENANAxF070TAPuF
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Ref1:https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00197614Please respect copyright.PENANAHjQniEnm2D
Ref2:https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(05)00211-6614Please respect copyright.PENANAGarUnxYh2X
Ref3:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168365915300948?via%3Dihub614Please respect copyright.PENANAhusm1ZaEHS