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喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下72Please respect copyright.PENANAnkeIgBgO0W
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網72Please respect copyright.PENANAsNrSQowS3W
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞72Please respect copyright.PENANACT7i7Ea34A
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀72Please respect copyright.PENANAv8cAxR7zPo
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美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇72Please respect copyright.PENANAI0FXVqOu15
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時72Please respect copyright.PENANA0EOFycBdUS
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地72Please respect copyright.PENANAzlB5h29cMm
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力72Please respect copyright.PENANANXH96J5M0p
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累72Please respect copyright.PENANAqmujRkvaKU
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西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗72Please respect copyright.PENANA23WuL48KN9
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多72Please respect copyright.PENANAnpQnxCb8IS
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易72Please respect copyright.PENANAeZcV7aQp1C
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水72Please respect copyright.PENANAsjYhhqAMa5
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同環繞赤道一周差唔多72Please respect copyright.PENANA8sNW5T3SHj
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢72Please respect copyright.PENANAbTMVMoqxEO
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成隊船要喺東非呆等半年72Please respect copyright.PENANAzwzPo81u6w
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得72Please respect copyright.PENANAMLJ3XIe11g
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啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非72Please respect copyright.PENANAcxytL6JkUm
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年72Please respect copyright.PENANATKCvDRxs9a
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支72Please respect copyright.PENANAJ0mpvM4SWn
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊72Please respect copyright.PENANAYSA2UiJ3jd
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢72Please respect copyright.PENANAFjWwD7CIAL
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講72Please respect copyright.PENANAsmiRUBUSNM
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉72Please respect copyright.PENANAUbVtzAivoI
就算食到都消化不良啦72Please respect copyright.PENANAcOG83fwBdo
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站72Please respect copyright.PENANABGzH9g6gPA
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向72Please respect copyright.PENANAZSFmLGQMUN
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞72Please respect copyright.PENANAkkzoFDmmyl
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多72Please respect copyright.PENANAzKYypAi2mK
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:72Please respect copyright.PENANAYH7F2UUrYR
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢72Please respect copyright.PENANA63bhmOVXgD
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話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎72Please respect copyright.PENANAVwy6OQhmby
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力72Please respect copyright.PENANAp99TMqj7G4
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁72Please respect copyright.PENANAs6oILizPYn
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩72Please respect copyright.PENANAlnnkSDRMdg
美洲有耕地72Please respect copyright.PENANA9DmA0KGxWy
非洲有人力72Please respect copyright.PENANA9ye4G19Aa4
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心72Please respect copyright.PENANAv5iPgX6m8G
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦72Please respect copyright.PENANAModSoE4lz8
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢72Please respect copyright.PENANAGvfAKDroM3
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼72Please respect copyright.PENANAkMuFrzx7kT
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢72Please respect copyright.PENANAjIhlFdE4Ln
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國72Please respect copyright.PENANAF07gDMSPgs
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦72Please respect copyright.PENANAyjZf92Hz3E
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行72Please respect copyright.PENANAY5bI4X5h0o
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣72Please respect copyright.PENANAMtjTH0BEu3
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴72Please respect copyright.PENANAehufxeqGL7
由此激發各國投入人力物力72Please respect copyright.PENANAi10sJNKfpM
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器72Please respect copyright.PENANAoGlGRhc9xQ
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船72Please respect copyright.PENANAB2k4PKq5WG
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天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等72Please respect copyright.PENANAD9VcnUWLGf
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話72Please respect copyright.PENANAcqTm8qW3Nc
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易72Please respect copyright.PENANAvgf7yYgkH1
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲72Please respect copyright.PENANAHj2qQtJzmI為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度72Please respect copyright.PENANAa4f6pNlfFm
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:72Please respect copyright.PENANAjy9DB8fixQ
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?72Please respect copyright.PENANAK7toNmxcqI
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒72Please respect copyright.PENANA2izhCxpEnP
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀72Please respect copyright.PENANAB3muE7wjUN
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歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成72Please respect copyright.PENANAeu3yvOyjh5
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉72Please respect copyright.PENANAXdbBwzw4wG
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現72Please respect copyright.PENANA7gouSVIZEN
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲72Please respect copyright.PENANAMq5zOZXZ0b
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉72Please respect copyright.PENANAHIiKZ4qOH6
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團72Please respect copyright.PENANAyh7lWSvk7m
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議72Please respect copyright.PENANAdSbfUCCY2p
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大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖72Please respect copyright.PENANAwzc3D5ez3D
自16世紀起72Please respect copyright.PENANAI8QexXUo3g
呢個小圈子選舉72Please respect copyright.PENANAJFJa6s3foz
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控72Please respect copyright.PENANAXA3oD8MqQl
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益72Please respect copyright.PENANANCobIIoDKn
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營72Please respect copyright.PENANAAAIPODYrvU
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤72Please respect copyright.PENANAHZYvDvsNUf
有時仲會大打出手72Please respect copyright.PENANALGtORu0I1e
好似1605年3月嗰次72Please respect copyright.PENANASALsf2JGvv
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨72Please respect copyright.PENANAg1yCD7fAzY
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈72Please respect copyright.PENANA5dYesa5Mx2
不過呢個唔係今集重點72Please respect copyright.PENANAmTKUX7zoHd
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇72Please respect copyright.PENANAsJsrCMsbYZ
我直接講個結果:72Please respect copyright.PENANAQeFthSVQPw
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗72Please respect copyright.PENANAA4eU9dL71E
法號伍朋八世72Please respect copyright.PENANAmf2DxplfRs
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員72Please respect copyright.PENANAoajUhX0q28
…72Please respect copyright.PENANA2pirtcSdJf
..72Please respect copyright.PENANAGY5z52cgbc
.72Please respect copyright.PENANAT9Yj35PhyV
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???72Please respect copyright.PENANAEkOxmnUv10
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦72Please respect copyright.PENANAgw0e2kfBQe
佢地其實係病死嘅72Please respect copyright.PENANAFNiOcXKSk5
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"72Please respect copyright.PENANAPrmykeZZxN
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇72Please respect copyright.PENANArJQE9SiPqC
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播72Please respect copyright.PENANAoY3jmeUNet
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時72Please respect copyright.PENANANIvVJU7pDd
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味72Please respect copyright.PENANA6KEaIUPfPt
係會令人發燒同病死72Please respect copyright.PENANAxBVMANADdz
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾72Please respect copyright.PENANAvXLzBR75lL
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後72Please respect copyright.PENANA7r0oLqciyQ
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘72Please respect copyright.PENANA4NXONdcYhD
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體72Please respect copyright.PENANAN0ia3AS50q
帶返去羅馬本土喇72Please respect copyright.PENANAvUPoceSgkV
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶72Please respect copyright.PENANAOlmRfeadMP
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖72Please respect copyright.PENANA0vT56mM1Lz
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地72Please respect copyright.PENANAi4CV9IhA9G
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣72Please respect copyright.PENANAx8mzxyRUAm
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時72Please respect copyright.PENANAlj9pMI4WMe
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命72Please respect copyright.PENANATttWOf5e4c
額我略十五世唔遲唔早72Please respect copyright.PENANAfHuByNVuWF
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋72Please respect copyright.PENANAMG5FPgl4Lu
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇72Please respect copyright.PENANAN4JGyOCVzC
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世72Please respect copyright.PENANARLC4jJJnXY
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召72Please respect copyright.PENANATDCHgN2NDo
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦72Please respect copyright.PENANA1uwKZa1Dmi
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病72Please respect copyright.PENANAuwlv6VXwgh
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史72Please respect copyright.PENANAPEc2eVVKIh
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦72Please respect copyright.PENANAUvLovcdJeR
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾72Please respect copyright.PENANAFa6QF3NEOs
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法72Please respect copyright.PENANA3N0JlDtkUX
真係唔醫好過醫72Please respect copyright.PENANAmRut4njtPi
不過喺呢個大航海時代72Please respect copyright.PENANAHuMbI4Y2Wp
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢72Please respect copyright.PENANA3qDZDjqGk4
16世紀起72Please respect copyright.PENANAPOSrdrISbx
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊72Please respect copyright.PENANAaT8FtSSegj
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲72Please respect copyright.PENANANv93o0CQCq
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛72Please respect copyright.PENANABS5ucjCo1G
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人72Please respect copyright.PENANAUjgT7D72Ke
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣72Please respect copyright.PENANAudxcrUuJHo
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目72Please respect copyright.PENANAbzblY8AtYT
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材72Please respect copyright.PENANAdg4vKTe5Cm
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英72Please respect copyright.PENANAHnnJYVOtVP
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落72Please respect copyright.PENANAJiNPWVGTPt
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦72Please respect copyright.PENANAtIWllv4qso
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情72Please respect copyright.PENANANes3SZOO9h
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....72Please respect copyright.PENANAblv0XfLb0O
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸72Please respect copyright.PENANA5s9iUcB0wh
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呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置72Please respect copyright.PENANAwsbjJEwxhT
呢個故事嘅主要成份72Please respect copyright.PENANARQAXrYevCd
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初72Please respect copyright.PENANAX7N89P4Jfo
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬72Please respect copyright.PENANAsSRTbHCCZU
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後72Please respect copyright.PENANA1z3Q7W43eN
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土72Please respect copyright.PENANASsM3dU4wtu
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每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉72Please respect copyright.PENANARDusvVg0aU
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病72Please respect copyright.PENANA8YnbEvwPvS
服從性有幾高可想而知72Please respect copyright.PENANAtLR4Jcgv2g
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫72Please respect copyright.PENANAC0oKBeaiQ5
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話72Please respect copyright.PENANAQJBF8KuQV2
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講72Please respect copyright.PENANAOPBGAevWu4
無疑係甘上加甘72Please respect copyright.PENANAhTzEqVOc1k
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢72Please respect copyright.PENANAvEAyZZSV5B
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00072Please respect copyright.PENANAlAjdCELJLi
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度72Please respect copyright.PENANAhaPcL5QXrx
錢就使咗效果又冇72Please respect copyright.PENANAk0EsJC0ctR
咁點搞?72Please respect copyright.PENANAHOGllKqnXP
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”72Please respect copyright.PENANApb3mthlGDz
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案72Please respect copyright.PENANABGjQvpl6si
作為糖嘅發源地72Please respect copyright.PENANATwl1BcT4gC
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像72Please respect copyright.PENANA77MdWjgUDl
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右72Please respect copyright.PENANANJmULeyRvz
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官72Please respect copyright.PENANAkowKCEZnmU
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:72Please respect copyright.PENANABlQnddMdRk
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧72Please respect copyright.PENANA6NwGTWjr2A
溶入高濃度糖水72Please respect copyright.PENANAWanJ9zghGv
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮72Please respect copyright.PENANAbnIt6f3Ngr
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿72Please respect copyright.PENANAsbxoB4TFmv
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度72Please respect copyright.PENANAqfaLBHZIyT
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇72Please respect copyright.PENANAnbKnK2RXEp
啲軍官再進一步72Please respect copyright.PENANAF7qPs5nTKT
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒72Please respect copyright.PENANAETzjt4wm4l
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
72Please respect copyright.PENANAaagHnavsvi
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆72Please respect copyright.PENANAMdDyFp1hqT
法國人曾經試過用紅酒72Please respect copyright.PENANAyI4mr1mXel
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪72Please respect copyright.PENANArq9NZKirAl
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水72Please respect copyright.PENANAI9i312WNzF
味道完全唔融和72Please respect copyright.PENANAHvtqLIvtHQ
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味72Please respect copyright.PENANAD43lWyfg9t
後來研究發現72Please respect copyright.PENANASncCMc98zt
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份72Please respect copyright.PENANAszBtogKlta
同奎寧結合成聚合體72Please respect copyright.PENANA3DAspto99B
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道72Please respect copyright.PENANAFIJoPM9Qm4
呢個偶然嘅發現72Please respect copyright.PENANAxIJfLneO1b
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎72Please respect copyright.PENANA230tFvNA7S
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵72Please respect copyright.PENANAOUevsh6Miz
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧72Please respect copyright.PENANANLf579hzS2
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥72Please respect copyright.PENANAEW0saZuVdn
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品72Please respect copyright.PENANAsdGbNjwxb2
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度72Please respect copyright.PENANAX9rQik7up2
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品72Please respect copyright.PENANAvA0yTUJDit
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)72Please respect copyright.PENANAMqQkuvB71H
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水72Please respect copyright.PENANAg07TMZANxX
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水72Please respect copyright.PENANAvE63iD6PWp
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命72Please respect copyright.PENANAItHAe0fsXt
例如喺1875年72Please respect copyright.PENANAdyutvAgDhU
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率72Please respect copyright.PENANAsIWUU5wpQ1
已經跌到去1.5%72Please respect copyright.PENANAwD3nbHeAh6
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面72Please respect copyright.PENANA4WksaoRZJ1
下集會講吓72Please respect copyright.PENANAgREHJEUgbE
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥72Please respect copyright.PENANAmMgAGgxkCb
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運72Please respect copyright.PENANAfAJTIPHKcq72Please respect copyright.PENANAXIMzXI9m2r