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喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下61Please respect copyright.PENANAvnZUObF0p7
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙61Please respect copyright.PENANAJaPduM7U48
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華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸61Please respect copyright.PENANAqoKpRFUTvG
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網61Please respect copyright.PENANA2LQIcfTVZ9
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞61Please respect copyright.PENANAmvnAhVJsEa
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀61Please respect copyright.PENANAFXwXDmayaQ
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAocgt1XZOCr
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美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇61Please respect copyright.PENANAQNV8Hbu53B
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時61Please respect copyright.PENANAZyCgr0N6hC
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地61Please respect copyright.PENANA1cVarK66yJ
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力61Please respect copyright.PENANAGJpVPa1c71
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累61Please respect copyright.PENANARNpeEB1rFC
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西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗61Please respect copyright.PENANA2dvjZ5e8eM
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多61Please respect copyright.PENANAkx33M4NgIJ
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易61Please respect copyright.PENANAq9lXnNqTsM
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水61Please respect copyright.PENANAtkuoKhWtWO
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同環繞赤道一周差唔多61Please respect copyright.PENANAMud9PL8LaH
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢61Please respect copyright.PENANAEe2qfr3kHn
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到下一年嘅春季起風先行得61Please respect copyright.PENANAwEBaeAcn9n
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啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非61Please respect copyright.PENANAnqow6VCHLS
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年61Please respect copyright.PENANAo9KfeuyqYC
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支61Please respect copyright.PENANA5AlVtvjfkJ
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊61Please respect copyright.PENANAp7GkMmJngI
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢61Please respect copyright.PENANAc3U2XyxCGX
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講61Please respect copyright.PENANAnmKpYeUq3B
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉61Please respect copyright.PENANAHOzLbRBv4I
就算食到都消化不良啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAHfMzyR2Hn8
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站61Please respect copyright.PENANAvgL7dNEbps
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向61Please respect copyright.PENANA417ao4KWbV
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞61Please respect copyright.PENANAwys2OrUnDS
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多61Please respect copyright.PENANAZ0OcqzR7AH
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:61Please respect copyright.PENANA658cNWMvTl
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢61Please respect copyright.PENANAOchemoak33
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫61Please respect copyright.PENANAmW11PCYXCj
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話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎61Please respect copyright.PENANAd4PrQ9ZLd5
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力61Please respect copyright.PENANA49IYWeyyGB
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁61Please respect copyright.PENANA2dhJHgPCa0
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩61Please respect copyright.PENANAtVDgWHgCDD
美洲有耕地61Please respect copyright.PENANAe6LUe3QQTL
非洲有人力61Please respect copyright.PENANA7OYw8VXdpS
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心61Please respect copyright.PENANAtGzHI0VONw
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦61Please respect copyright.PENANAAOJCQnpGgj
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢61Please respect copyright.PENANA2ixRVx8vLV
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼61Please respect copyright.PENANAvZAgUNufYZ
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢61Please respect copyright.PENANAxJxn3C2Gif
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國61Please respect copyright.PENANA8jwaGuuqY1
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAR9Q13frVJa
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行61Please respect copyright.PENANAPPZHUAs3Uw
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣61Please respect copyright.PENANANcaOxX4S6Y
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴61Please respect copyright.PENANAAFrC4WkZPi
由此激發各國投入人力物力61Please respect copyright.PENANAK9nk5Sb7iM
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器61Please respect copyright.PENANA5ZZBvVQPhH
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船61Please respect copyright.PENANArC8QG0owwe
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天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等61Please respect copyright.PENANAeXrLLuIxRJ
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話61Please respect copyright.PENANA5raOs7qvgD
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易61Please respect copyright.PENANADVEth7vd2m
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲61Please respect copyright.PENANAE8fDdXXqUL為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度61Please respect copyright.PENANARULlB5hb58
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:61Please respect copyright.PENANAzik8x5JPG4
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?61Please respect copyright.PENANALHVZ8Ds1g3
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒61Please respect copyright.PENANAeXJ7UUgYGJ
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀61Please respect copyright.PENANA57oO21wuj9
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢61Please respect copyright.PENANALrWDsR5tJA
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成61Please respect copyright.PENANAYS2hOTMhae
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉61Please respect copyright.PENANAn38JJImZ85
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現61Please respect copyright.PENANASlbTDWq9V1
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲61Please respect copyright.PENANAuZMVPj11ad
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉61Please respect copyright.PENANAUlhZXP9uEf
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團61Please respect copyright.PENANAJe7qGJ0D8B
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議61Please respect copyright.PENANAF3iINkdw4i
準備選出新教宗喇61Please respect copyright.PENANAVJyuWfKMbC
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖61Please respect copyright.PENANAscL5zLNXn6
自16世紀起61Please respect copyright.PENANAthdslVwGjk
呢個小圈子選舉61Please respect copyright.PENANAVQx4Z7rvVb
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控61Please respect copyright.PENANAkjDFlUvvuM
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益61Please respect copyright.PENANAEB4ROtTOj9
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營61Please respect copyright.PENANACM6G6xQhdT
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤61Please respect copyright.PENANANoS5zRT6DE
有時仲會大打出手61Please respect copyright.PENANAg04uRr0wnn
好似1605年3月嗰次61Please respect copyright.PENANAgBCTtdhtXE
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨61Please respect copyright.PENANAZhNNocpxGu
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈61Please respect copyright.PENANAVSY7JXgK7e
不過呢個唔係今集重點61Please respect copyright.PENANA8OlS1V6yWp
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇61Please respect copyright.PENANAPFOUyst0jU
我直接講個結果:61Please respect copyright.PENANAPbR9d0fe4y
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗61Please respect copyright.PENANA3V9glraUEp
法號伍朋八世61Please respect copyright.PENANAC7R8Gv8buW
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員61Please respect copyright.PENANAfUm8LylK4L
…61Please respect copyright.PENANA4i7XchnxMG
..61Please respect copyright.PENANAlNWogMQsvl
.61Please respect copyright.PENANAuhNnba4uS6
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???61Please respect copyright.PENANAoXA7i1jY0a
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAKe0m1ypV9J
佢地其實係病死嘅61Please respect copyright.PENANAjy5kHT9vS8
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"61Please respect copyright.PENANAn1OEJeAc38
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇61Please respect copyright.PENANALnN95J3TdC
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播61Please respect copyright.PENANAMAWNWw93Nd
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時61Please respect copyright.PENANANlWPbrs098
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味61Please respect copyright.PENANAaf4WaDgFxo
係會令人發燒同病死61Please respect copyright.PENANAqpGQNhg0BJ
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾61Please respect copyright.PENANACIaj3Qf779
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後61Please respect copyright.PENANASyN6UOKUa7
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘61Please respect copyright.PENANAgcZVHUdQ8D
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體61Please respect copyright.PENANA6vfDdw6tsY
帶返去羅馬本土喇61Please respect copyright.PENANA9hpRLBLdjO
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶61Please respect copyright.PENANA1Nj7Acgs78
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖61Please respect copyright.PENANAoh5xy58FBt
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地61Please respect copyright.PENANAxj6EEXqnzo
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣61Please respect copyright.PENANAZsjHUEISY6
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時61Please respect copyright.PENANAVuvYcZfIUP
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命61Please respect copyright.PENANA27pg5UJdCI
額我略十五世唔遲唔早61Please respect copyright.PENANAcmHuJO4cT8
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋61Please respect copyright.PENANANqxw5h5e0T
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇61Please respect copyright.PENANAQFVDfuqMdI
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世61Please respect copyright.PENANA0B8uKtrHcF
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召61Please respect copyright.PENANAyMAX0Bk9d7
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAlyp2RyzKDu
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病61Please respect copyright.PENANAJmCOLIPxIR
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史61Please respect copyright.PENANA2NCiQzVhDS
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAaPLFh6O5Gm
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾61Please respect copyright.PENANAMbsdcPFWoX
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法61Please respect copyright.PENANADNUAoo6tDK
真係唔醫好過醫61Please respect copyright.PENANACAJmiAGrNr
不過喺呢個大航海時代61Please respect copyright.PENANAmNnoPbSB4K
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢61Please respect copyright.PENANABiuytc6voH
16世紀起61Please respect copyright.PENANASpJqKQxQtU
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊61Please respect copyright.PENANAxi406WVPRN
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲61Please respect copyright.PENANArql9Rs4wJo
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛61Please respect copyright.PENANADR8Rq6M2w5
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人61Please respect copyright.PENANAUUL9tF78zY
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣61Please respect copyright.PENANA31YdFul9xF
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目61Please respect copyright.PENANAbeuC1KJlN8
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材61Please respect copyright.PENANASC17FZmlUP
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英61Please respect copyright.PENANAqMduqpV266
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落61Please respect copyright.PENANAzmWVGWkYnu
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦61Please respect copyright.PENANAIz7aPNbXzv
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情61Please respect copyright.PENANA1JJxODQDCI
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....61Please respect copyright.PENANAtweh9zsFOr
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸61Please respect copyright.PENANAkex3j1jyhV
喺呢個地理大發現時代61Please respect copyright.PENANAlAlSEVIxcD
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置61Please respect copyright.PENANAmGBl83Rd1W
呢個故事嘅主要成份61Please respect copyright.PENANASEhzVSlqII
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初61Please respect copyright.PENANAr2b3eHkOeo
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬61Please respect copyright.PENANA8uP9QlQpJb
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後61Please respect copyright.PENANAAGZYjih3xP
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不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?61Please respect copyright.PENANAZEDJlWP1qw
就唔同咁講喇61Please respect copyright.PENANAIg6x6vbnn7
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵61Please respect copyright.PENANAvKIEX3lUiH
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉61Please respect copyright.PENANAflVZPg02MF
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病61Please respect copyright.PENANAWY3laDdbc5
服從性有幾高可想而知61Please respect copyright.PENANAwJirjJfJR2
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫61Please respect copyright.PENANAB1zj71MOQM
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話61Please respect copyright.PENANAvZ5x3M5GCy
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講61Please respect copyright.PENANAD1hBFGx5TJ
無疑係甘上加甘61Please respect copyright.PENANA0ogcHSLHZG
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢61Please respect copyright.PENANADG4FRYPosE
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00061Please respect copyright.PENANAQNW5FA6wtz
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度61Please respect copyright.PENANAUCpprwKcyb
錢就使咗效果又冇61Please respect copyright.PENANAIc2uUAlGtf
咁點搞?61Please respect copyright.PENANAXXV0WSCejT
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”61Please respect copyright.PENANAiCfBKsdjmg
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案61Please respect copyright.PENANAuBGDUSTDtb
作為糖嘅發源地61Please respect copyright.PENANAbFrtttopF7
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像61Please respect copyright.PENANANMQp13Ys4u
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右61Please respect copyright.PENANAVP9V573tw9
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官61Please respect copyright.PENANA2ZoNJHwQrC
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:61Please respect copyright.PENANAbSxflkfsPP
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧61Please respect copyright.PENANATvqlGCdSYu
溶入高濃度糖水61Please respect copyright.PENANAi1H7G5hKKm
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮61Please respect copyright.PENANAr8DjHid0J4
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿61Please respect copyright.PENANAhd6iOeLDaH
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度61Please respect copyright.PENANArE3aUiWZMU
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇61Please respect copyright.PENANA7N7PE7aECt
啲軍官再進一步61Please respect copyright.PENANAvdzev74QHs
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒61Please respect copyright.PENANAsdaP28QTGV
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
61Please respect copyright.PENANApFu6x7QcdC
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆61Please respect copyright.PENANAU7ITZhU4XX
法國人曾經試過用紅酒61Please respect copyright.PENANAvSZ4IJMRYx
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪61Please respect copyright.PENANAFPatlWuDT8
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水61Please respect copyright.PENANAZ9dEiOrlkx
味道完全唔融和61Please respect copyright.PENANAdq3olwZZW4
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味61Please respect copyright.PENANArcVRVMUlzZ
後來研究發現61Please respect copyright.PENANAWJd6I7MJfB
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份61Please respect copyright.PENANAsqbzkXZkpU
同奎寧結合成聚合體61Please respect copyright.PENANAcAlxWzJz5J
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道61Please respect copyright.PENANAGM9pbgeblK
呢個偶然嘅發現61Please respect copyright.PENANAhO9jBWNnAs
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎61Please respect copyright.PENANAksqz1Rmo91
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵61Please respect copyright.PENANAjR8Kz95n9P
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧61Please respect copyright.PENANAVi2BuFgdvh
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥61Please respect copyright.PENANA7C9ALjWxy1
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品61Please respect copyright.PENANAJq8LJOEYn2
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度61Please respect copyright.PENANAk6BMwzSxto
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品61Please respect copyright.PENANAmCZwzZAjEb
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)61Please respect copyright.PENANArixHJFSOtY
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水61Please respect copyright.PENANA08mwBtHc4h
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水61Please respect copyright.PENANA1CePi5pcLK
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命61Please respect copyright.PENANAYLY6Pxsir7
例如喺1875年61Please respect copyright.PENANA3TxGsKUtS3
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率61Please respect copyright.PENANAL9ZJsYk1jC
已經跌到去1.5%61Please respect copyright.PENANAU7GM7psKkJ
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面61Please respect copyright.PENANAZqaD9dHyK1
下集會講吓61Please respect copyright.PENANAQeuw5Sd7JK
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥61Please respect copyright.PENANAR7UTdqGxp0
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運61Please respect copyright.PENANAx8CUK4klag61Please respect copyright.PENANAnKvS0P9rtl